接触Redux不过短短半年，从开始看官方文档的一头雾水，到渐渐已经理解了Redux到底是在做什么，但是绝大数场景下Redux都是配合React一同使用的，因而会引入了React-Redux库，但是正是因为React-Redux库封装了大量方法，使得我们对Redux的理解变的开始模糊。这篇文章将会在Redux源码的角度分析Redux，希望你在阅读之前有部分Redux的基础。
上图是Redux的流程图，具体的不做介绍，不了解的同学可以查阅一下Redux的官方文档。写的非常详细。下面的代码结构为Redux的master分支:
├── applyMiddleware.js
├── bindActionCreators.js
├── combineReducers.js
├── compose.js
├── createStore.js
├── index.js
└── utils
└── warning.js
Redux中src文件夹下目录如上所示,文件名基本就是对应我们所熟悉的Redux的API，首先看一下index.js中的代码:
/*
* This is a dummy function to check if the function name has been altered by minification.
* If the function has been minified and NODE_ENV !== 'production', warn the user.
*/
function isCrushed() {}
if (
process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
typeof isCrushed.name === 'string' &&
isCrushed.name !== 'isCrushed'
) {
warning(
'You are currently using minified code outside of NODE_ENV === \'production\'. ' +
'This means that you are running a slower development build of Redux. ' +
'You can use loose-envify (https://github.com/zertosh/loose-envify) for browserify ' +
'or DefinePlugin for webpack (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30030031) ' +
'to ensure you have the correct code for your production build.'
)
}
export {
createStore,
combineReducers,
bindActionCreators,
applyMiddleware,
compose
} 上面的代码非常的简单了，只不过是把所有的方法对外导出。其中isCrushed是用来检查函数名是否已经被压缩(minification)。如果函数当前不是在生产环境中并且函数名被压缩了，就提示用户。process是Node 应用自带的一个全局变量，可以获取当前进程的若干信息。在许多前端库中，经常会使用 process.env.NODE_ENV这个环境变量来判断当前是在开发环境还是生产环境中。这个小例子我们可以get到一个hack的方法，如果判断一个js函数名时候被压缩呢？我们可以先预定义一个虚函数(虽然JavaScript中没有虚函数一说，这里的虚函数(dummy function)指代的是没有函数体的函数),然后判断执行时的函数名是否和预定义的一样，就像上面的代码：
function isCrushed() {}
if(typeof isCrushed.name === 'string' && isCrushed.name !== 'isCrushed'){
//has minified
}compose
从易到难，我们在看一个稍微简单的对外方法compose
/**
* Composes single-argument functions from right to left. The rightmost
* function can take multiple arguments as it provides the signature for
* the resulting composite function.
*
* @param {...Function} funcs The functions to compose.
* @returns {Function} A function obtained by composing the argument functions
* from right to left. For example, compose(f, g, h) is identical to doing
* (...args) => f(g(h(...args))).
*/
export default function compose(...funcs) {
if (funcs.length === 0) {
return arg => arg
}
if (funcs.length === 1) {
return funcs[0]
}
return funcs.reduce((a, b) => (...args) => a(b(...args)))
} 理解这个函数之前我们首先看一下reduce方法，这个方法我是看了好多遍现在仍然是印象模糊，虽然之前介绍过reduce,但是还是再次回忆一下Array.prototye.reduce:
The reduce() method applies a function against an accumulator and each element in the array (from left to right) to reduce it to a single value.
reduce()函数对一个累加值和数组中的每一个元素(从左到右)应用一个函数，将其reduce成一个单值，例如:
var sum = [0, 1, 2, 3].reduce(function(acc, val) {
return acc + val;
}, 0);
// sum is 6 reduce()函数接受两个参数:一个回调函数和初始值，回调函数会被从左到右应用到数组的每一个元素，其中回调函数的定义是
/**
* accumulator: 累加器累加回调的值，它是上一次调用回调时返回的累积值或者是初始值
* currentValue: 当前数组遍历的值
* currenIndex: 当前元素的索引值
* array: 整个数组
*/
function (accumulator,currentValue,currentIndex,array){
} 现在回头看看compose函数都在做什么，compose函数从左到右组合(compose)多个单参函数。最右边的函数可以按照定义接受多个参数，如果compose的参数为空，则返回一个空函数。如果参数长度为1，则返回函数本身。如果函数的参数为数组，这时候我们返回
return funcs.reduce((a, b) => (...args) => a(b(...args))) 我们知道reduce函数返回是一个值。上面函数传入的回调函数是(a, b) => (...args) => a(b(...args))其中a是当前的累积值，b是数组中当前遍历的值。假设调用函数的方式是compose(f,g,h),首先第一次执行回调函数时，a的实参是函数f,b的实参是g,第二次调用的是，a的实参是(...args) => f(g(...args)),b的实参是h，最后函数返回的是(...args) =>x(h(...args)),其中x为(...args) => f(g(...args))，所以我们最后可以推导出运行compose(f,g,h)的结果是(...args) => f(g(h(...args)))。发现了没有，这里其实通过reduce实现了reduceRight的从右到左遍历的功能，但是却使得代码相对较难理解。在Redux 1.0.1版本中compose的实现如下:
export default function compose(...funcs) {
return funcs.reduceRight((composed, f) => f(composed));
} 这样看起来是不是更容易理解compose函数的功能。
bindActionCreators
bindActionCreators也是Redux中非常常见的API，主要实现的就是将ActionCreator与dispatch进行绑定，看一下官方的解释:
Turns an object whose values are action creators, into an object with the same keys, but with every action creator wrapped into a dispatch call so they may be invoked directly.
翻译过来就是bindActionCreators将值为actionCreator的对象转化成具有相同键值的对象，但是每一个actionCreator都会被dispatch所包裹调用，因此可以直接使用。话不多说，来看看它是怎么实现的：
import warning from './utils/warning'
function bindActionCreator(actionCreator, dispatch) {
return (...args) => dispatch(actionCreator(...args))
}
export default function bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) {
if (typeof actionCreators === 'function') {
return bindActionCreator(actionCreators, dispatch)
}
if (typeof actionCreators !== 'object' || actionCreators === null) {
throw new Error(
`bindActionCreators expected an object or a function, instead received ${actionCreators === null ? 'null' : typeof actionCreators}. ` +
`Did you write "import ActionCreators from" instead of "import * as ActionCreators from"?`
)
}
const keys = Object.keys(actionCreators)
const boundActionCreators = {}
for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
const key = keys[i]
const actionCreator = actionCreators[key]
if (typeof actionCreator === 'function') {
boundActionCreators[key] = bindActionCreator(actionCreator, dispatch)
} else {
warning(`bindActionCreators expected a function actionCreator for key '${key}', instead received type '${typeof actionCreator}'.`)
}
}
return boundActionCreators
} 对于处理单个actionCreator的方法是
function bindActionCreator(actionCreator, dispatch) {
return (...args) => dispatch(actionCreator(...args))
} 代码也是非常的简单，无非是返回一个新的函数，该函数调用时会将actionCreator返回的纯对象进行dispatch。而对于函数bindActionCreators首先会判断actionCreators是不是函数,如果是函数就直接调用bindActionCreator。当actionCreators不是对象时会抛出错误。接下来:
const keys = Object.keys(actionCreators)
const boundActionCreators = {}
for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
const key = keys[i]
const actionCreator = actionCreators[key]
if (typeof actionCreator === 'function') {
boundActionCreators[key] = bindActionCreator(actionCreator, dispatch)
} else {
warning(`bindActionCreators expected a function actionCreator for key '${key}', instead received type '${typeof actionCreator}'.`)
}
}
return boundActionCreators 这段代码也是非常简单，甚至我觉得我都能写出来，无非就是对对象actionCreators中的所有值调用bindActionCreator,然后返回新的对象。恭喜你，又解锁了一个文件~
applyMiddleware
applyMiddleware是Redux Middleware的一个重要API,这个部分代码已经不需要再次解释了，没有看过的同学戳这里Redux:Middleware你咋就这么难，里面有详细的介绍。
createStore
createStore作为Redux的核心API,其作用就是生成一个应用唯一的store。其函数的签名为:
function createStore(reducer, preloadedState, enhancer) {} 前两个参数非常熟悉，reducer是处理的reducer纯函数，preloadedState是初始状态，而enhancer使用相对较少，enhancer是一个高阶函数，用来对原始的createStore的功能进行增强。具体我们可以看一下源码:
具体代码如下:
import isPlainObject from 'lodash/isPlainObject'
import ?observable from 'symbol-observable'
export const ActionTypes = {
INIT: '@@redux/INIT'
}
export default function createStore(reducer, preloadedState, enhancer) {
if (typeof preloadedState === 'function' && typeof enhancer === 'undefined') {
enhancer = preloadedState
preloadedState = undefined
}
if (typeof enhancer !== 'undefined') {
if (typeof enhancer !== 'function') {
throw new Error('Expected the enhancer to be a function.')
}
return enhancer(createStore)(reducer, preloadedState)
}
if (typeof reducer !== 'function') {
throw new Error('Expected the reducer to be a function.')
}
let currentReducer = reducer
let currentState = preloadedState
let currentListeners = []
let nextListeners = currentListeners
let isDispatching = false
function ensureCanMutateNextListeners() {
if (nextListeners === currentListeners) {
nextListeners = currentListeners.slice()
}
}
function getState() {
return currentState
}
function subscribe(listener) {
if (typeof listener !== 'function') {
throw new Error('Expected listener to be a function.')
}
let isSubscribed = true
ensureCanMutateNextListeners()
nextListeners.push(listener)
return function unsubscribe() {
if (!isSubscribed) {
return
}
isSubscribed = false
ensureCanMutateNextListeners()
const index = nextListeners.indexOf(listener)
nextListeners.splice(index, 1)
}
}
function dispatch(action) {
if (!isPlainObject(action)) {
throw new Error(
'Actions must be plain objects. ' +
'Use custom middleware for async actions.'
)
}
if (typeof action.type === 'undefined') {
throw new Error(
'Actions may not have an undefined "type" property. ' +
'Have you misspelled a constant?'
)
}
if (isDispatching) {
throw new Error('Reducers may not dispatch actions.')
}
try {
isDispatching = true
currentState = currentReducer(currentState, action)
} finally {
isDispatching = false
}
const listeners = currentListeners = nextListeners
for (let i = 0; i < listeners.length; i++) {
const listener = listeners[i]
listener()
}
return action
}
function replaceReducer(nextReducer) {
if (typeof nextReducer !== 'function') {
throw new Error('Expected the nextReducer to be a function.')
}
currentReducer = nextReducer
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.INIT })
}
function observable() {
const outerSubscribe = subscribe
return {
subscribe(observer) {
if (typeof observer !== 'object') {
throw new TypeError('Expected the observer to be an object.')
}
function observeState() {
if (observer.next) {
observer.next(getState())
}
}
observeState()
const unsubscribe = outerSubscribe(observeState)
return { unsubscribe }
},
[?observable]() {
return this
}
}
}
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.INIT })
return {
dispatch,
subscribe,
getState,
replaceReducer,
[?observable]: observable
}
}我们来逐步解读一下:
if (typeof preloadedState === 'function' && typeof enhancer === 'undefined') {
enhancer = preloadedState
preloadedState = undefined
} 我们发现如果没有传入参数enhancer，并且preloadedState的值又是一个函数的话，createStore会认为你省略了preloadedState，因此第二个参数就是enhancer。
if (typeof enhancer !== 'undefined') {
if (typeof enhancer !== 'function') {
throw new Error('Expected the enhancer to be a function.')
}
return enhancer(createStore)(reducer, preloadedState)
}
if (typeof reducer !== 'function') {
throw new Error('Expected the reducer to be a function.')
} 如果你传入了enhancer但是却又不是函数类型。会抛出错误。如果传入的reducer也不是函数，抛出相关错误。接下来才是createStore重点,初始化:
let currentReducer = reducer
let currentState = preloadedState
let currentListeners = []
let nextListeners = currentListeners
let isDispatching = false currentReducer是用来存储当前的reducer函数。currentState用来存储当前store中的数据，初始化为默认的preloadedState,currentListeners用来存储当前的监听者。而isDispatching用来当前是否属于正在处理dispatch的阶段。然后函数声明了一系列函数，最后返回了:
{
dispatch,
subscribe,
getState,
replaceReducer,
[?observable]: observable
} 显然可以看出来返回来的函数就是store。比如我们可以调用store.dispatch。让我们依次看看各个函数在做什么。
dispatch
function dispatch(action) {
if (!isPlainObject(action)) {
throw new Error(
'Actions must be plain objects. ' +
'Use custom middleware for async actions.'
)
}
if (typeof action.type === 'undefined') {
throw new Error(
'Actions may not have an undefined "type" property. ' +
'Have you misspelled a constant?'
)
}
if (isDispatching) {
throw new Error('Reducers may not dispatch actions.')
}
try {
isDispatching = true
currentState = currentReducer(currentState, action)
} finally {
isDispatching = false
}
const listeners = currentListeners = nextListeners
for (let i = 0; i < listeners.length; i++) {
const listener = listeners[i]
listener()
}
return action
} 我们看看dispath做了什么，首先检查传入的action是不是纯对象，如果不是则抛出异常。然后检测，action中是否存在type，不存在也给出相应的错误提示。然后判断isDispatching是否为true，主要是预防的是在reducer中做dispatch操作，如果在reduder中做了dispatch,而dispatch又必然会导致reducer的调用，就会造成死循环。然后我们将isDispatching置为true，调用当前的reducer函数，并且返回新的state存入currentState,并将isDispatching置回去。最后依次调用监听者store已经发生了变化，但是我们并没有将新的store作为参数传递给监听者，因为我们知道监听者函数内部可以通过调用唯一获取store的函数store.getState()获取最新的store。
getState
function getState() {
return currentState
}实在太简单了，自行体会。
replaceReducer
function replaceReducer(nextReducer) {
if (typeof nextReducer !== 'function') {
throw new Error('Expected the nextReducer to be a function.')
}
currentReducer = nextReducer
dispatch({ type: ActionTypes.INIT })
} replaceReducer的使用相对也是非常少的，主要用户热更新reducer。
subscribe
function subscribe(listener) {
if (typeof listener !== 'function') {
throw new Error('Expected listener to be a function.')
}
let isSubscribed = true
ensureCanMutateNextListeners()
nextListeners.push(listener)
return function unsubscribe() {
if (!isSubscribed) {
return
}
isSubscribed = false
ensureCanMutateNextListeners()
const index = nextListeners.indexOf(listener)
nextListeners.splice(index, 1)
}
} subscribe用来订阅store变化的函数。首先判断传入的listener是否是函数。然后又调用了ensureCanMutateNextListeners,
function ensureCanMutateNextListeners() {
if (nextListeners === currentListeners) {
nextListeners = currentListeners.slice()
}
} 可以看到ensureCanMutateNextListeners用来判断nextListeners和currentListeners是否是完全相同，如果相同(===)，将nextListeners赋值为currentListeners的拷贝(值相同，但不是同一个数组)，然后将当前的监听函数传入nextListeners。最后返回一个unsubscribe函数用来移除当前监听者函数。需要注意的是，isSubscribed是以闭包的形式判断当前监听者函数是否在监听，从而保证只有第一次调用unsubscribe才是有效的。但是为什么会存在nextListeners呢？
首先可以在任何时间点添加listener。无论是dispatchaction时，还是state值正在发生改变的时候。但是需要注意的，在每一次调用dispatch之前，订阅者仅仅只是一份快照(snapshot),如果是在listeners被调用期间发生订阅(subscribe)或者解除订阅(unsubscribe),在本次通知中并不会立即生效，而是在下次中生效。因此添加的过程是在nextListeners中添加的订阅者，而不是直接添加到currentListeners。然后在每一次调用dispatch的时候都会做:
const listeners = currentListeners = nextListeners 来同步currentListeners和nextListeners。
observable
该部分不属于本次文章讲解到的内容，主要涉及到RxJS和响应异步Action。以后有机会(主要是我自己搞明白了)，会单独讲解。
combineReducers
combineReducers的主要作用就是将大的reducer函数拆分成一个个小的reducer分别处理，看一下它是如何实现的:
export default function combineReducers(reducers) {
const reducerKeys = Object.keys(reducers)
const finalReducers = {}
for (let i = 0; i < reducerKeys.length; i++) {
const key = reducerKeys[i]
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
if (typeof reducers[key] === 'undefined') {
warning(`No reducer provided for key "${key}"`)
}
}
if (typeof reducers[key] === 'function') {
finalReducers[key] = reducers[key]
}
}
const finalReducerKeys = Object.keys(finalReducers)
let unexpectedKeyCache
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
unexpectedKeyCache = {}
}
let shapeAssertionError
try {
assertReducerShape(finalReducers)
} catch (e) {
shapeAssertionError = e
}
return function combination(state = {}, action) {
if (shapeAssertionError) {
throw shapeAssertionError
}
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
const warningMessage = getUnexpectedStateShapeWarningMessage(state, finalReducers, action, unexpectedKeyCache)
if (warningMessage) {
warning(warningMessage)
}
}
let hasChanged = false
const nextState = {}
for (let i = 0; i < finalReducerKeys.length; i++) {
const key = finalReducerKeys[i]
const reducer = finalReducers[key]
const previousStateForKey = state[key]
const nextStateForKey = reducer(previousStateForKey, action)
if (typeof nextStateForKey === 'undefined') {
const errorMessage = getUndefinedStateErrorMessage(key, action)
throw new Error(errorMessage)
}
nextState[key] = nextStateForKey
hasChanged = hasChanged || nextStateForKey !== previousStateForKey
}
return hasChanged ? nextState : state
}
} 首先，通过一个for循环去遍历参数reducers,将对应值为函数的属性赋值到finalReducers。然后声明变量unexpectedKeyCache,如果在非生产环境，会将其初始化为{}。然后执行assertReducerShape(finalReducers)，如果抛出异常会将错误信息存储在shapeAssertionError。我们看一下shapeAssertionError在做什么？
function assertReducerShape(reducers) {
Object.keys(reducers).forEach(key => {
const reducer = reducers[key]
const initialState = reducer(undefined, { type: ActionTypes.INIT })
if (typeof initialState === 'undefined') {
throw new Error(
`Reducer "${key}" returned undefined during initialization. ` +
`If the state passed to the reducer is undefined, you must ` +
`explicitly return the initial state. The initial state may ` +
`not be undefined. If you don't want to set a value for this reducer, ` +
`you can use null instead of undefined.`
)
}
const type = '@@redux/PROBE_UNKNOWN_ACTION_' + Math.random().toString(36).substring(7).split('').join('.')
if (typeof reducer(undefined, { type }) === 'undefined') {
throw new Error(
`Reducer "${key}" returned undefined when probed with a random type. ` +
`Don't try to handle ${ActionTypes.INIT} or other actions in "redux/*" ` +
`namespace. They are considered private. Instead, you must return the ` +
`current state for any unknown actions, unless it is undefined, ` +
`in which case you must return the initial state, regardless of the ` +
`action type. The initial state may not be undefined, but can be null.`
)
}
})
}可以看出assertReducerShape函数的主要作用就是判断reducers中的每一个reducer在action为{ type: ActionTypes.INIT }时是否有初始值，如果没有则会抛出异常。并且会对reduer执行一次随机的action,如果没有返回，则抛出错误，告知你不要处理redux中的私有的action,对于未知的action应当返回当前的stat。并且初始值不能为undefined但是可以是null。
接着我们看到combineReducers返回了一个combineReducers函数:
return function combination(state = {}, action) {
if (shapeAssertionError) {
throw shapeAssertionError
}
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
const warningMessage = getUnexpectedStateShapeWarningMessage(state, finalReducers, action, unexpectedKeyCache)
if (warningMessage) {
warning(warningMessage)
}
}
let hasChanged = false
const nextState = {}
for (let i = 0; i < finalReducerKeys.length; i++) {
const key = finalReducerKeys[i]
const reducer = finalReducers[key]
const previousStateForKey = state[key]
const nextStateForKey = reducer(previousStateForKey, action)
if (typeof nextStateForKey === 'undefined') {
const errorMessage = getUndefinedStateErrorMessage(key, action)
throw new Error(errorMessage)
}
nextState[key] = nextStateForKey
hasChanged = hasChanged || nextStateForKey !== previousStateForKey
}
return hasChanged ? nextState : state
}在combination函数中我们首先对shapeAssertionError中可能存在的异常进行处理。接着，如果是在开发环境下，会执行getUnexpectedStateShapeWarningMessage,看看getUnexpectedStateShapeWarningMessage是如何定义的：
function getUnexpectedStateShapeWarningMessage(inputState, reducers, action, unexpectedKeyCache) {
const reducerKeys = Object.keys(reducers)
const argumentName = action && action.type === ActionTypes.INIT ?
'preloadedState argument passed to createStore' :
'previous state received by the reducer'
if (reducerKeys.length === 0) {
return (
'Store does not have a valid reducer. Make sure the argument passed ' +
'to combineReducers is an object whose values are reducers.'
)
}
if (!isPlainObject(inputState)) {
return (
`The ${argumentName} has unexpected type of "` +
({}).toString.call(inputState).match(/\s([a-z|A-Z]+)/)[1] +
`". Expected argument to be an object with the following ` +
`keys: "${reducerKeys.join('", "')}"`
)
}
const unexpectedKeys = Object.keys(inputState).filter(key =>
!reducers.hasOwnProperty(key) &&
!unexpectedKeyCache[key]
)
unexpectedKeys.forEach(key => {
unexpectedKeyCache[key] = true
})
if (unexpectedKeys.length > 0) {
return (
`Unexpected ${unexpectedKeys.length > 1 ? 'keys' : 'key'} ` +
`"${unexpectedKeys.join('", "')}" found in ${argumentName}. ` +
`Expected to find one of the known reducer keys instead: ` +
`"${reducerKeys.join('", "')}". Unexpected keys will be ignored.`
)
}
} 我们简要地看看getUnexpectedStateShapeWarningMessage处理了哪几种问题:
- reducer中是不是存在reducer
- state是否是纯Object对象
- state中存在reducer没有处理的项，但是仅会在第一次提醒，之后就忽略了。
然后combination执行其核心部分代码:
let hasChanged = false
const nextState = {}
for (let i = 0; i < finalReducerKeys.length; i++) {
const key = finalReducerKeys[i]
const reducer = finalReducers[key]
const previousStateForKey = state[key]
const nextStateForKey = reducer(previousStateForKey, action)
if (typeof nextStateForKey === 'undefined') {
const errorMessage = getUndefinedStateErrorMessage(key, action)
throw new Error(errorMessage)
}
nextState[key] = nextStateForKey
hasChanged = hasChanged || nextStateForKey !== previousStateForKey
}
return hasChanged ? nextState : state 使用变量nextState记录本次执行reducer返回的state。hasChanged用来记录前后state是否发生改变。循环遍历reducers，将对应的store的部分交给相关的reducer处理，当然对应各个reducer返回的新的state仍然不可以是undefined。最后根据hasChanged是否改变来决定返回nextState还是state,这样就保证了在不变的情况下仍然返回的是同一个对象。
最后，其实我们发现Redux的源码非常的精炼，也并不复杂，但是Dan Abramov能从Flux的思想演变到现在的Redux思想也是非常不易，希望此篇文章使得你对Redux有更深的理解。
