jest (让人愉悦的测试框架)

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jest (让人愉悦的测试框架)

1 什么是 Jest

Jest 是 Facebook 的一套开源的 JavaScript 测试框架,它自动集成了断言、JSDom、覆盖率报告等开发者所需要的所有测试工具,是一款几乎零配置的测试框架。

2 安装

使用 yarn 安装  Jest

yarn add --dev jest

或 npm:

npm install --save-dev jest

3 简单试用

首先来编写第一个求和函数 sum.js

function sum(a, b){
    return a + b;
}
module.exports = sum;

接下来创建测试用例:

const sum = require('./sum');

test('adds 1 + 2 to equal 3', () => {
    expect(sum(1, 2)).toBe(3);
})

在 package.json 中配置测试启动脚本:

{
    "scripts": {
        "test": "jest"
    }
}

最后,运行 yarn test 或 npm run test ,Jest 将打印下面这个消息:

PASS ./sum.test.js
✓ adds 1 + 2 to equal 3 (5ms)

4 匹配器

 普通匹配器

最简单的测试方法是比较是否精确匹配

test(`two plus tow is four`, () => {
    expect(2 + 2).toBe(4);
})

Truthiness

在测试中,有时需要精准区分 undefined 、null 和 false,有时  又不需要区分,jest 都满足。

  • toBeNull 只匹配 null
  • toBeUndefined 只匹配 undefined
  • toBeDefined 与 toBeUndefined 相反
  • toBeTruthy 匹配任何 if 语句为真
  • toBeFalsy 匹配任何 if 语句为假
test('null', () => {
  const n = null;
  expect(n).toBeNull();
  expect(n).toBeDefined();
  expect(n).not.toBeUndefined();
  expect(n).not.toBeTruthy();
  expect(n).toBeFalsy();
});

test('zero', () => {
  const z = 0;
  expect(z).not.toBeNull();
  expect(z).toBeDefined();
  expect(z).not.toBeUndefined();
  expect(z).not.toBeTruthy();
  expect(z).toBeFalsy();
});

数字

大多数的比较数字有等价的匹配器。

test('two plus two', () => {
  const value = 2 + 2;
  expect(value).toBeGreaterThan(3);
  expect(value).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(3.5);
  expect(value).toBeLessThan(5);
  expect(value).toBeLessThanOrEqual(4.5);

  // toBe and toEqual are equivalent for numbers
  expect(value).toBe(4);
  expect(value).toEqual(4);
});

对于比较浮点数相等,使用 toBeCloseTo 而不是 toEqual,因为你不希望测试取决于一个小小的舍入误差。

test('两个浮点数字相加', () => {
  const value = 0.1 + 0.2;
  //expect(value).toBe(0.3);           这句会报错,因为浮点数有舍入误差
  expect(value).toBeCloseTo(0.3); // 这句可以运行
});

字符串

toMatch 正则表达式的字符串︰

test('there is no I in team', () => {
  expect('team').not.toMatch(/I/);
});

test('but there is a "stop" in Christoph', () => {
  expect('Christoph').toMatch(/stop/);
});

Arrays and iterables

你可以通过 toContain 来检查一个数组或可迭代对象是否包含某个特定项:

const shoppingList = [
  'diapers',
  'kleenex',
  'trash bags',
  'paper towels',
  'beer',
];

test('the shopping list has beer on it', () => {
  expect(shoppingList).toContain('beer');
  expect(new Set(shoppingList)).toContain('beer');
});

例外

测试的特定函数抛出一个错误,在它调用时,使用 toThrow。

function compileAndroidCode() {
  throw new ConfigError('you are using the wrong JDK');
}

test('compiling android goes as expected', () => {
  expect(compileAndroidCode).toThrow();
  expect(compileAndroidCode).toThrow(ConfigError);

  // You can also use the exact error message or a regexp
  expect(compileAndroidCode).toThrow('you are using the wrong JDK');
  expect(compileAndroidCode).toThrow(/JDK/);
});

5 测试异步代码

回调

test('the data is peanut butter', done => {
  function callback(data) {
    expect(data).toBe('peanut butter');
    done();
  }

  fetchData(callback);
});

Promises

test('the data is peanut butter', () => {
  return fetchData().then(data => {
    expect(data).toBe('peanut butter');
  });
});

.resloves/.rejects

test('the data is peanut butter', () => {
  return expect(fetchData()).resolves.toBe('peanut butter');
});
test('the fetch fails with an error', () => {
  return expect(fetchData()).rejects.toMatch('error');
});

Async/Await

test('the data is peanut butter', async () => {
  const data = await fetchData();
  expect(data).toBe('peanut butter');
});

test('the fetch fails with an error', async () => {
  expect.assertions(1);
  try {
    await fetchData();
  } catch (e) {
    expect(e).toMatch('error');
  }
});

6 挂载与卸载(Setup and Teardown)

 用于在写测试的时候  需要运行测试前做的一些  准备工作,和在运行测试后进行的一些整理工作。

为多次测试重复设置

beforeEach(() => {
  initializeCityDatabase();
});

afterEach(() => {
  clearCityDatabase();
});

test('city database has Vienna', () => {
  expect(isCity('Vienna')).toBeTruthy();
});

test('city database has San Juan', () => {
  expect(isCity('San Juan')).toBeTruthy();
});

一次性设置

beforeAll(() => {
  return initializeCityDatabase();
});

afterAll(() => {
  return clearCityDatabase();
});

test('city database has Vienna', () => {
  expect(isCity('Vienna')).toBeTruthy();
});

test('city database has San Juan', () => {
  expect(isCity('San Juan')).toBeTruthy();
});

 作用域

默认情况下,before 和 after 的块可以应用到文件中的每个测试。 此外可以通过 describe 块来将测试分组。 当 before 和 after 的块在 describe 块内部时,则其只适用于该 describe 块内的测试。

// Applies to all tests in this file
beforeEach(() => {
  return initializeCityDatabase();
});

test('city database has Vienna', () => {
  expect(isCity('Vienna')).toBeTruthy();
});

test('city database has San Juan', () => {
  expect(isCity('San Juan')).toBeTruthy();
});

describe('matching cities to foods', () => {
  // Applies only to tests in this describe block
  beforeEach(() => {
    return initializeFoodDatabase();
  });

  test('Vienna <3 sausage', () => {
    expect(isValidCityFoodPair('Vienna', 'Wiener Schnitzel')).toBe(true);
  });

  test('San Juan <3 plantains', () => {
    expect(isValidCityFoodPair('San Juan', 'Mofongo')).toBe(true);
  });
});

6 函数测试(mockFunction)

使用 mock 函数

function forEach(items, callback) {
  for (let index = 0; index < items.length; index++) {
    callback(items[index]);
  }
}

const mockCallback = jest.fn(x => 42 + x);
forEach([0, 1], mockCallback);

// The mock function is called twice
expect(mockCallback.mock.calls.length).toBe(2);

// The first argument of the first call to the function was 0
expect(mockCallback.mock.calls[0][0]).toBe(0);

// The first argument of the second call to the function was 1
expect(mockCallback.mock.calls[1][0]).toBe(1);

// The return value of the first call to the function was 42
expect(mockCallback.mock.results[0].value).toBe(42);

mock 的返回值

const myMock = jest.fn();
console.log(myMock());
// > undefined

myMock
  .mockReturnValueOnce(10)
  .mockReturnValueOnce('x')
  .mockReturnValue(true);

console.log(myMock(), myMock(), myMock(), myMock());
// > 10, 'x', true, true

7 快照(snapshot)

使用快照功能给组件做快照,方便后面调整后与快照对比

使用 React 的 test renderer 和 Jest 的快照特性来和组件交互,获得渲染结果和生成快照文件:

import React from 'react';
import Link from '../Link.react';
import renderer from 'react-test-renderer';

test('Link changes the class when hovered', () => {
  const component = renderer.create(
    <Link page="http://www.facebook.com">Facebook</Link>,
  );
  let tree = component.toJSON();
  expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot();

  // manually trigger the callback
  tree.props.onMouseEnter();
  // re-rendering
  tree = component.toJSON();
  expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot();

  // manually trigger the callback
  tree.props.onMouseLeave();
  // re-rendering
  tree = component.toJSON();
  expect(tree).toMatchSnapshot();
});