git pull --rebase的正确使用

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1. 问题场景

多人使用同一个远程分支合作开发,在 push 代码的时候很可能出现以下问题:

$ git push origin master

# 结果如下
To github.com:hello/demo.git
 ! [rejected]        master -> master (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:hello/demo.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

从输出结果中可以明显看出此时远程分支有新的 commit 未同步到本地,无法推送。此时我们一般会执行以下操作:

$ git pull origin master

# 结果如下
remote: Counting objects: 2, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 2 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (2/2), done.
From github.com:hello/demo
   3824da0..f318a05  master     -> origin/master
Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
 one.md | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
 
$ git push origin master

# 结果如下
Enumerating objects: 10, done.
Counting objects: 100% (8/8), done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (8/8), done.
Writing objects: 100% (8/8), 1.24 KiB | 1.24 MiB/s, done.
Total 8 (delta 5), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:hello/demo.git
   f318a05..1aefef1  master -> master

确实 push 成功了,但是此时用 git log 查看提交记录:

$ git log

# 结果如下
commit 1aefef1a2bedbd3ebd82db8dcf802011a35a9888 (HEAD -> master, origin/master, origin/HEAD)
Merge: 24cfa5c f318a05
Author: hello <hello@qq.com>
Date:   Tue Jul 23 09:53:47 2019 +0800

    Merge branch 'master' of github.com:hello/demo

commit 24cfa5c3ad271e85ff0e64793bf2bcc9d700c233
Author: hello <hello@qq.com>
Date:   Tue Jul 23 09:50:06 2019 +0800

    feat: 新功能提交

commit f318a05b1a4cbc0a6cf8d7dc7d3fb99cbafb0363
Author: world <world@qq.com>
Date:   Tue Jul 23 09:48:20 2019 +0800

    feat: 其他功能提交

...

你会发现多出了一条 merge commit,这个 commit 就是在执行 git pull origin master 的时候自动生成的。如果多人多次如此操作,那么提交记录就会出现很多条这种自动生成的 merge commit,非常难看。

2. 解决方案

要解决以上问题,不再出现自动生成的 merge commit,那么只要在执行 git pull origin master 的时候带上 --rebase 即可:

$ git pull --rebase origin master

$ git push origin master

3. 项目示例

现在通过一个示例项目来示范以上命令的用法。项目(目录名为:demo)的结构如下:

# 在 demo 目录下执行以下命令
$ ls

# 结果如下
one.md  two.md

$ cat one.md

# 结果如下
hello one

$ cat two.md

#结果如下
hello two

A、B 两位开发同学使用一个远程分支(master)合作开发。A 同学修改了 one.md 文件,提交了一个 commit 并且已经推送到远程分支 master:

$ cat one.md

# 结果如下
hello one

new feature from one

$ git push origin master

# 结果如下
Enumerating objects: 4, done.
Counting objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (4/4), 1.24 KiB | 1.24 MiB/s, done.
Total 4 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0)
To github.com:hello/demo.git
   f318a05..1aefef1  master -> master

此时 B 同学不知情,也并未将拉取远程分支的更新到本地。B 同学修改了 two.md 文件,也提交了一个 commit 并尝试推送到远程分支 master:

$ cat two.md

# 结果如下
hello two

new feature from two

$ git push origin master

# 结果如下
To github.com:hello/demo.git
 ! [rejected]        master -> master (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:hello/demo.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

发现报错,无法推送。此时执行以下命令:

$ git pull --rebase

$ git push origin master

即可成功推送。

4. 注意事项

  • 执行 git pull --rebase 的时候必须保持本地目录干净。即:不能存在状态为 modified 的文件。(存在Untracked files是没关系的)
  • 如果出现冲突,可以选择手动解决冲突后继续 rebase,也可以放弃本次 rebase

4.1 执行 git pull --rebase 的时候必须保持本地目录干净

  1. modified 状态的文件

本地有受版本控制的文件改动的时候,执行以上命令:

$ git pull --rebase

# 结果如下
error: cannot pull with rebase: You have unstaged changes.
error: please commit or stash them.

会出现以上报错,无法操作。

此时查看一下文件状态:

$ git status

# 结果如下
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

	modified:   two.md

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

就是因为本地有文件改动尚未提交造成的。此时有两种做法:

  • 如果本次修改已经完成,则可以先提交(commit)一下
  • 如果本次修改尚未完成,则可以先贮藏:git stash

做了以上一种操作之后再尝试 git pull --rebase,不会再报错。

如果做了 git stash 操作,此时可以通过 git stash pop 回到之前的工作状态。

  1. Untracked files

查看本地文件状态:

$ git status

# 结果如下
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

	three.md

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

如果是以上这种情况,直接执行 git pull --rebase 是不会有问题的。

4.2 如果出现冲突,可以选择手动解决冲突后继续 rebase,也可以放弃本次 rebase

在上面的示例项目中,如果 A、B 同学修改了同一个文件。那么很有可能会出现冲突,当 B 同学来执行命令的时候会出现如下状况:

$ git pull --rebase

# 结果如下
remote: Counting objects: 6, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
remote: Total 6 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (6/6), done.
From gitlab.lrts.me:fed/gitlab-merge
   93a1a93..960b5fc  master     -> origin/master
First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
Applying: feat: 其他功能提交
Using index info to reconstruct a base tree...
M	one.md
Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge...
Auto-merging one.md
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in one.md
error: Failed to merge in the changes.
Patch failed at 0001 feat:其他功能提交
hint: Use 'git am --show-current-patch' to see the failed patch

Resolve all conflicts manually, mark them as resolved with
"git add/rm <conflicted_files>", then run "git rebase --continue".
You can instead skip this commit: run "git rebase --skip".
To abort and get back to the state before "git rebase", run "git rebase --abort".

这种情况下,可以手动打开 one.md 文件解决冲突,然后再执行:

$ git add one.md

$ git rebase --continue

解决问题。

也可以用 git rebase --abort 放弃本次 rebase 操作。

5. 总结

多人基于同一个远程分支开发的时候,如果想要顺利 push 又不自动生成 merge commit,建议在每次提交都按照如下顺序操作:

# 把本地发生改动的文件贮藏一下
$ git stash

# 把远程最新的 commit 以变基的方式同步到本地
$ git pull --rebase

# 把本地的 commit 推送到远程
$ git push

# 把本地贮藏的文件弹出,继续修改
$ git stash pop