python3快速入门教程8错误和异常

语法错误

>>> while True print('Hello world')
  File "<stdin>", line 1
    while True print('Hello world')
                           ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

异常

>>> 10 * (1/0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
>>> 4 + spam*3
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'spam' is not defined
>>> '2' + 2
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly

异常处理

>>> while True:
...     try:
...         x = int(input("Please enter a number: "))
...         break
...     except ValueError:
...         print("Oops!  That was no valid number.  Try again...")
...

• 首先，执行try和except 之间的内容
• 如果没有异常发生，忽略except语句。
• 如果在 try 子句执行过程中发生了异常，那么该子句其余的部分就会忽略。如果异常匹配于 * 后面指定的异常类型，就执行对应的except子句。然后继续执行try语句之后的代码。
• 如果发生了一个异常，在except 子句中没有与之匹配的分支，它就会传递到上一级try 语句中。如果最终仍找不到对应的处理语句，它就成为未处理异常，终止程序运行，显示提示信息。

... except (RuntimeError, TypeError, NameError):
...     pass

class B(Exception):
    pass

class C(B):
    pass

class D(C):
    pass

for cls in [B, C, D]:
    try:
        raise cls()
    except D:
        print("D")
    except C:
        print("C")
    except B:
        print("B")

import sys

try:
    f = open('myfile.txt')
    s = f.readline()
    i = int(s.strip())
except OSError as err:
    print("OS error: {0}".format(err))
except ValueError:
    print("Could not convert data to an integer.")
except:
    print("Unexpected error:", sys.exc_info()[0])
    raise

for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
    try:
        f = open(arg, 'r')
    except OSError:
        print('cannot open', arg)
    else:
        print(arg, 'has', len(f.readlines()), 'lines')
        f.close()

>>> try:
...     raise Exception('spam', 'eggs')
... except Exception as inst:
...     print(type(inst))    # the exception instance
...     print(inst.args)     # arguments stored in .args
...     print(inst)          # __str__ allows args to be printed directly,
...                          # but may be overridden in exception subclasses
...     x, y = inst.args     # unpack args
...     print('x =', x)
...     print('y =', y)
...
<class 'Exception'>
('spam', 'eggs')
('spam', 'eggs')
x = spam
y = eggs

>>> try:
...     raise Exception('spam', 'eggs')
... except Exception as inst:
...     print(type(inst))    # the exception instance
...     print(inst.args)     # arguments stored in .args
...     print(inst)          # __str__ allows args to be printed directly,
...                          # but may be overridden in exception subclasses
...     x, y = inst.args     # unpack args
...     print('x =', x)
...     print('y =', y)
...
<class 'Exception'>
('spam', 'eggs')
('spam', 'eggs')
x = spam
y = eggs

抛出异常

>>> raise NameError('HiThere')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: HiThere

raise ValueError  # shorthand for 'raise ValueError()'

>>> try:
...     raise NameError('HiThere')
... except NameError:
...     print('An exception flew by!')
...     raise
...
An exception flew by!
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
NameError: HiThere

用户自定义异常

class Error(Exception):
    """Base class for exceptions in this module."""
    pass

class InputError(Error):
    """Exception raised for errors in the input.

    Attributes:
        expression -- input expression in which the error occurred
        message -- explanation of the error
    """

    def __init__(self, expression, message):
        self.expression = expression
        self.message = message

class TransitionError(Error):
    """Raised when an operation attempts a state transition that's not
    allowed.

    Attributes:
        previous -- state at beginning of transition
        next -- attempted new state
        message -- explanation of why the specific transition is not allowed
    """

    def __init__(self, previous, next, message):
        self.previous = previous
        self.next = next
        self.message = message

定义清理行为

>>> try:
...     raise KeyboardInterrupt
... finally:
...     print('Goodbye, world!')
...
Goodbye, world!
KeyboardInterrupt
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>

>>> def divide(x, y):
...     try:
...         result = x / y
...     except ZeroDivisionError:
...         print("division by zero!")
...     else:
...         print("result is", result)
...     finally:
...         print("executing finally clause")
...
>>> divide(2, 1)
result is 2.0
executing finally clause
>>> divide(2, 0)
division by zero!
executing finally clause
>>> divide("2", "1")
executing finally clause
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in divide
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'str'

预定义清理行为

for line in open("myfile.txt"):
    print(line, end="")

with open("myfile.txt") as f:
    for line in f:
        print(line, end="")

异常处理实例： 正则表达式及拼音排序

[..., '本草隐士', 'jerryyu', '可怜的樱桃树', '叻风云', '欧阳-深圳白芒',  ...]

#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import re
from pypinyin import lazy_pinyin

name = r'test.txt'

text = open(name,encoding='utf-8').read()
#print(text)

results = re.findall(r'(:\d+)\s(.*?)\(\d+', text)

names = set()
for item in results:
    names.add(item[1])  

keys = list(names)
keys = sorted(keys)

def compare(char):
    try:
        result = lazy_pinyin(char)[0][0]
    except Exception as e:
        result = char
    return result

keys.sort(key=compare)
print(keys)

$ python3 qq.py 
['Sally', '^^O^^', 'aa催乳师', 'bling', '本草隐士', '纯中药治疗阳痿早泄', '长夜无荒', '东方～慈航', '干金草', '广东-曾超庆', '红梅* 渝', 'jerryyu', '可怜的樱桃树', '叻风云', '欧阳-深圳白芒', '勝昔堂～元亨', '蜀中~眉豆。', '陕西渭南逸清阁*无为', '吴宁……任', '系统消息', '于立伟', '倚窗望岳', '烟霞霭霭', '燕子', '张强', '滋味', '✾买个罐头 吃西餐', '【大侠】好好', '【大侠】面向大海～纯中药治烫伤', '【宗师】吴宁……任', '【宗师】红梅* 渝', '【少侠】焚琴煮鹤', '【少侠】笨笨', '【掌门】溆浦☞山野人家']