Android主流三方库源码分析(二、深入理解Retrofit源码)

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前言

成为一名优秀的Android开发,需要一份完备的知识体系,在这里,让我们一起成长为自己所想的那样~。

前篇我们详细地分析了OKHttp的核心源码,如果对OKHttp内部机制不了解的可以看看Android主流三方库源码分析(一、深入理解OKHttp源码)。这篇,将会来深入地分析下目前Android最优秀的网络封装框架Retrofit的源码流程。

一、基本使用流程

1、定义HTTP API,用于描述请求

public interface GitHubService {

     @GET("users/{user}/repos")
     Call<List<Repo>> listRepos(@Path("user") String user);
}

2、创建Retrofit并生成API的实现(注意:方法上面的注解表示请求的接口部分,返回类型是请求的返回值类型,方法的参数即是请求的参数)

// 1.Retrofit构建过程
Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
.baseUrl("https://api.github.com/")
.build();

// 2.创建网络请求接口类实例过程
GitHubService service = retrofit.create(GitHubService.class);

3、调用API方法,生成Call,执行请求

// 3.生成并执行请求过程
Call<List<Repo>> repos = service.listRepos("octocat");
repos.execute() or repos.enqueue()

Retrofit的基本使用流程很简洁,但是简洁并不代表简单,Retrofit为了实现这种简洁的使用流程,内部使用了优秀的架构设计和大量的设计模式,在我分析过Retrofit最新版的源码和大量优秀的Retrofit源码分析文章后,我发现,要想真正理解Retrofit内部的核心源码流程和设计思想,首先,需要对这九大设计模式有一定的了解,如下:

1.Retrofit构建过程 
建造者模式、工厂方法模式

2.创建网络请求接口实例过程
外观模式、代理模式、单例模式、策略模式、装饰模式(建造者模式)

3.生成并执行请求过程
适配器模式(代理模式、装饰模式)

其次,需要对OKHttp源码有一定的了解,如果不了解的可以看看这篇Android主流三方库源码分析(一、深入理解OKHttp源码)。最后,让我们按以上流程去深入Retrofit源码内部,领悟它带给我们的设计之美

二、Retrofit构建过程

1、Retrofit核心对象解析

首先Retrofit中有一个全局变量非常关键,在V2.5之前的版本,使用的是LinkedHashMap(),它是一个网络请求配置对象,是由网络请求接口中方法注解进行解析后得到的。

public final class Retrofit {

    // 网络请求配置对象,存储网络请求相关的配置,如网络请求的方法、数据转换器、网络请求适配器、网络请求工厂、基地址等
    private final Map<Method, ServiceMethod<?>> serviceMethodCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

Retrofit使用了建造者模式通过内部类Builder类建立一个Retrofit实例,如下:

public static final class Builder {

    // 平台类型对象(Platform -> Android)
    private final Platform platform;
    // 网络请求工厂,默认使用OkHttpCall(工厂方法模式)
    private @Nullable okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory;
    // 网络请求的url地址
    private @Nullable HttpUrl baseUrl;
    // 数据转换器工厂的集合
    private final List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories = new ArrayList<>();
    // 网络请求适配器工厂的集合,默认是ExecutorCallAdapterFactory
    private final List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories = new ArrayList<>();
    // 回调方法执行器,在 Android 上默认是封装了 handler 的 MainThreadExecutor, 默认作用是:切换线程(子线程 -> 主线程)
    private @Nullable Executor callbackExecutor;
    // 一个开关,为true则会缓存创建的ServiceMethod
    private boolean validateEagerly;

2、Builder内部构造

下面看看Builder内部构造做了什么。

public static final class Builder {

    ...
    
    Builder(Platform platform) {
        this.platform = platform;
    }

    
    public Builder() {
        this(Platform.get());
    }
    
    ...
    
}


class Platform {

    private static final Platform PLATFORM = findPlatform();
    
    static Platform get() {
      return PLATFORM;
    }
    
    private static Platform findPlatform() {
      try {
        // 使用JVM加载类的方式判断是否是Android平台
        Class.forName("android.os.Build");
        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT != 0) {
          return new Android();
        }
      } catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {
      }
      try {
        // 同时支持Java平台
        Class.forName("java.util.Optional");
        return new Java8();
      } catch (ClassNotFoundException ignored) {
      }
      return new Platform();
    }

static class Android extends Platform {

    ...

    
    @Override public Executor defaultCallbackExecutor() {
        //切换线程(子线程 -> 主线程)
        return new MainThreadExecutor();
    }

    // 创建默认的网络请求适配器工厂,如果是Android7.0或Java8上,则使
    // 用了并发包中的CompletableFuture保证了回调的同步
    // 在Retrofit中提供了四种CallAdapterFactory(策略模式):
    // ExecutorCallAdapterFactory(默认)、GuavaCallAdapterFactory、
    // va8CallAdapterFactory、RxJavaCallAdapterFactory
    @Override List<? extends CallAdapter.Factory> defaultCallAdapterFactories(
        @Nullable Executor callbackExecutor) {
      if (callbackExecutor == null) throw new AssertionError();
      ExecutorCallAdapterFactory executorFactory = new   ExecutorCallAdapterFactory(callbackExecutor);
      return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 24
        ? asList(CompletableFutureCallAdapterFactory.INSTANCE, executorFactory)
        : singletonList(executorFactory);
    }
    
    ...

    @Override List<? extends Converter.Factory> defaultConverterFactories() {
      return Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 24
          ? singletonList(OptionalConverterFactory.INSTANCE)
          : Collections.<Converter.Factory>emptyList();
    }

    ...
    
    static class MainThreadExecutor implements Executor {
    
        // 获取Android 主线程的Handler 
        private final Handler handler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());

        @Override public void execute(Runnable r) {
        
            // 在UI线程对网络请求返回数据处理
            handler.post(r);
        }
    }
}
  

可以看到,在Builder内部构造时设置了默认Platform、callAdapterFactories和callbackExecutor。

3、添加baseUrl

很简单,就是将String类型的url转换为OkHttp的HttpUrl过程如下:

/**
 * Set the API base URL.
 *
 * @see #baseUrl(HttpUrl)
 */
public Builder baseUrl(String baseUrl) {
    checkNotNull(baseUrl, "baseUrl == null");
    return baseUrl(HttpUrl.get(baseUrl));
}

public Builder baseUrl(HttpUrl baseUrl) {
    checkNotNull(baseUrl, "baseUrl == null");
    List<String> pathSegments = baseUrl.pathSegments();
    if (!"".equals(pathSegments.get(pathSegments.size() - 1))) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("baseUrl must end in /: " + baseUrl);
    }
    this.baseUrl = baseUrl;
    return this;
}
    

4、添加GsonConverterFactory

首先,看到GsonConverterFactory.creat()的源码。

public final class GsonConverterFactory extends Converter.Factory {
 
    public static GsonConverterFactory create() {
        return create(new Gson());
    }
    
    
    public static GsonConverterFactory create(Gson gson) {
        if (gson == null) throw new NullPointerException("gson ==   null");
        return new GsonConverterFactory(gson);
    }
    
    private final Gson gson;
    
    // 创建了一个含有Gson对象实例的GsonConverterFactory
    private GsonConverterFactory(Gson gson) {
        this.gson = gson;
    }

然后,看看addConverterFactory()方法内部。

public Builder addConverterFactory(Converter.Factory factory) {
    converterFactories.add(checkNotNull(factory, "factory null"));
    return this;
}

可知,这一步是将一个含有Gson对象实例的GsonConverterFactory放入到了数据转换器工厂converterFactories里。

5、build过程

public Retrofit build() {

    if (baseUrl == null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException("Base URL required.");
    }
    
    okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory = this.callFactory;
    if (callFactory == null) {
        // 默认使用okhttp
         callFactory = new OkHttpClient();
    }
    
    Executor callbackExecutor = this.callbackExecutor;
    if (callbackExecutor == null) {
        // Android默认的callbackExecutor
        callbackExecutor = platform.defaultCallbackExecutor();
    }
    
    // Make a defensive copy of the adapters and add the defaultCall adapter.
    List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories = new ArrayList<>(this.callAdapterFactories);
    // 添加默认适配器工厂在集合尾部
    callAdapterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultCallAdapterFactorisca  llbackExecutor));
    
    // Make a defensive copy of the converters.
    List<Converter.Factory> converterFactories = new ArrayList<>(
        1 + this.converterFactories.size() + platform.defaultConverterFactoriesSize());
    // Add the built-in converter factory first. This prevents overriding its behavior but also
    // ensures correct behavior when using converters thatconsumeall types.
    converterFactories.add(new BuiltInConverters());
    converterFactories.addAll(this.converterFactories);
    converterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultConverterFactories();
    
    return new Retrofit(callFactory, baseUrl, unmodifiableList(converterFactories),
        unmodifiableList(callAdapterFactories), callbackExecutor, validateEagerly);
        
}

可以看到,最终我们在Builder类中看到的6大核心对象都已经配置到Retrofit对象中了。

三、创建网络请求接口实例过程

retrofit.create()使用了外观模式和代理模式创建了网络请求的接口实例,我们分析下create方法。

public <T> T create(final Class<T> service) {
    Utils.validateServiceInterface(service);
    if (validateEagerly) {
        // 判断是否需要提前缓存ServiceMethod对象
        eagerlyValidateMethods(service);
    }
    
    // 使用动态代理拿到请求接口所有注解配置后,创建网络请求接口实例
    return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(service.getClassLoader(), new  Class<?>[] { service },
        new InvocationHandler() {
          private final Platform platform = Platform.get();
          private final Object[] emptyArgs = new Object[0];

          @Override public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, @Nullable Object[] args)
              throws Throwable {
            // If the method is a method from Object then defer to normal invocation.
            if (method.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class) {
              return method.invoke(this, args);
            }
            if (platform.isDefaultMethod(method)) {
              return platform.invokeDefaultMethod(method, service, proxy, args);
            }
            return loadServiceMethod(method).invoke(args != null ? args : emptyArgs);
          }
    });
 }

private void eagerlyValidateMethods(Class<?> service) {

  Platform platform = Platform.get();
  for (Method method : service.getDeclaredMethods()) {
    if (!platform.isDefaultMethod(method)) {
      loadServiceMethod(method);
    }
  }
}

继续看看loadServiceMethod的内部流程

ServiceMethod<?> loadServiceMethod(Method method) {

    ServiceMethod<?> result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);
    if (result != null) return result;

    synchronized (serviceMethodCache) {
      result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);
      if (result == null) {
            // 解析注解配置得到了ServiceMethod
            result = ServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(this, method);
            // 可以看到,最终加入到ConcurrentHashMap缓存中
            serviceMethodCache.put(method, result);
      }
    }
    return result;
}


abstract class ServiceMethod<T> {
  static <T> ServiceMethod<T> parseAnnotations(Retrofit retrofit, Method   method) {
        // 通过RequestFactory解析注解配置(工厂模式、内部使用了建造者模式)
        RequestFactory requestFactory = RequestFactory.parseAnnotations(retrofit, method);
    
        Type returnType = method.getGenericReturnType();
        if (Utils.hasUnresolvableType(returnType)) {
          throw methodError(method,
              "Method return type must not include a type variable or wildcard: %s", returnType);
        }
        if (returnType == void.class) {
          throw methodError(method, "Service methods cannot return void.");
        }
    
        // 最终是通过HttpServiceMethod构建的请求方法
        return HttpServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(retrofit, method, requestFactory);
    }

    abstract T invoke(Object[] args);
}

以下为请求构造核心流程

根据RequestFactory#Builder构造方法和parseAnnotations方法的源码,可知的它的作用就是用来解析注解配置的。

Builder(Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {
    this.retrofit = retrofit;
    this.method = method;
    // 获取网络请求接口方法里的注释
    this.methodAnnotations = method.getAnnotations();
    // 获取网络请求接口方法里的参数类型       
    this.parameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();
    // 获取网络请求接口方法里的注解内容    
    this.parameterAnnotationsArray = method.getParameterAnnotations();
}

接着看HttpServiceMethod.parseAnnotations()的内部流程。

static <ResponseT, ReturnT> HttpServiceMethod<ResponseT, ReturnT> parseAnnotations(
      Retrofit retrofit, Method method, RequestFactory requestFactory) {
        
    //1.根据网络请求接口方法的返回值和注解类型,
    // 从Retrofit对象中获取对应的网络请求适配器
    CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> callAdapter = createCallAdapter(retrofit,method);
    
    // 得到响应类型
    Type responseType = callAdapter.responseType();
    
    ...

    //2.根据网络请求接口方法的返回值和注解类型从Retrofit对象中获取对应的数据转换器 
    Converter<ResponseBody, ResponseT>responseConverter =
        createResponseConverter(retrofit,method, responseType);

    okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory = retrofit.callFactory;
    
    return newHttpServiceMethod<>(requestFactory, callFactory, callAdapter,responseConverter);
}
1.createCallAdapter(retrofit, method)
private static <ResponseT, ReturnT> CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT>     createCallAdapter(
      Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {
      
    // 获取网络请求接口里方法的返回值类型
    Type returnType = method.getGenericReturnType();
    
    // 获取网络请求接口接口里的注解
    Annotation[] annotations = method.getAnnotations();
    try {
      //noinspection unchecked
      return (CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT>)  retrofit.callAdapter(returnType, annotations);
    } catch (RuntimeException e) { // Wide exception range because factories are user code.
      throw methodError(method, e, "Unable to create call adapter for %s", returnType);
    }
}
  
public CallAdapter<?, ?> callAdapter(Type returnType, Annotation[] annotations) {
    return nextCallAdapter(null, returnType, annotations);
}

public CallAdapter<?, ?> nextCallAdapter(@Nullable CallAdapter.Factory skipPast, Type returnType,
  Annotation[] annotations) {
    ...

    int start = callAdapterFactories.indexOf(skipPast) + 1;
    // 遍历 CallAdapter.Factory 集合寻找合适的工厂
    for (int i = start, count = callAdapterFactories.size(); i <count; i++) {
        CallAdapter<?, ?> adapter = callAdapterFactories.get(i).get(returnType, annotations, this);
        if (adapter != null) {
          return adapter;
        }
    }
}
  
2.createResponseConverter(Retrofit retrofit, Method method, Type responseType)
 private static <ResponseT> Converter<ResponseBody, ResponseT>  createResponseConverter(
     Retrofit retrofit, Method method, Type responseType) {
   Annotation[] annotations = method.getAnnotations();
   try {
     return retrofit.responseBodyConverter(responseType,annotations);
   } catch (RuntimeException e) { // Wide exception range because    factories are user code.
     throw methodError(method, e, "Unable to create converter for%s",   responseType);
   }
}

public <T> Converter<ResponseBody, T> responseBodyConverter(Type type, Annotation[] annotations) {
    return nextResponseBodyConverter(null, type, annotations);
}

public <T> Converter<ResponseBody, T> nextResponseBodyConverter(
  @Nullable Converter.Factory skipPast, Type type, Annotation[] annotations) {
...

int start = converterFactories.indexOf(skipPast) + 1;
// 遍历 Converter.Factory 集合并寻找合适的工厂, 这里是GsonResponseBodyConverter
for (int i = start, count = converterFactories.size(); i < count; i++) {
  Converter<ResponseBody, ?> converter =
      converterFactories.get(i).responseBodyConverter(type, annotations, this);
  if (converter != null) {
    //noinspection unchecked
    return (Converter<ResponseBody, T>) converter;
  }
}

最终,执行HttpServiceMethod的invoke方法

@Override ReturnT invoke(Object[] args) {
    return callAdapter.adapt(
        new OkHttpCall<>(requestFactory, args, callFactory, responseConverter));
}

最终在adapt中创建了一个ExecutorCallbackCall对象,它是一个装饰者,而在它内部真正去执行网络请求的还是OkHttpCall。

四、创建网络请求接口类实例并执行请求过程

1、service.listRepos()

1、Call<List<Repo>> repos = service.listRepos("octocat");

service对象是动态代理对象Proxy.newProxyInstance(),当调用getCall()时会被 它拦截,然后调用自身的InvocationHandler#invoke(),得到最终的Call对象。

2、同步执行流程 repos.execute()

@Override public Response<T> execute() throws IOException {
    okhttp3.Call call;

    synchronized (this) {
      if (executed) throw new IllegalStateException("Already executed.");
      executed = true;

      if (creationFailure != null) {
        if (creationFailure instanceof IOException) {
          throw (IOException) creationFailure;
        } else if (creationFailure instanceof RuntimeException) {
          throw (RuntimeException) creationFailure;
        } else {
          throw (Error) creationFailure;
        }
      }

      call = rawCall;
      if (call == null) {
        try {
          // 创建一个OkHttp的Request对象请求
          call = rawCall = createRawCall();
        } catch (IOException | RuntimeException | Error e) {
          throwIfFatal(e); //  Do not assign a fatal error to     creationFailure.
          creationFailure = e;
          throw e;
        }
      }
    }

    if (canceled) {
      call.cancel();
    }

    // 调用OkHttpCall的execute()发送网络请求(同步),
    // 并解析网络请求返回的数据
    return parseResponse(call.execute());
}


private okhttp3.Call createRawCall() throws IOException {
    // 创建 一个okhttp3.Request
    okhttp3.Call call =
    callFactory.newCall(requestFactory.create(args));
    if (call == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException("Call.Factory returned null.");
    }
    return call;
}


Response<T> parseResponse(okhttp3.Response rawResponse) throws IOException {
    ResponseBody rawBody = rawResponse.body(); 
    
    // Remove the body's source (the only stateful object) so we can   pass the response along.
    rawResponse = rawResponse.newBuilder()
        .body(new NoContentResponseBody(rawBody.contentType(), rawBody.contentLength()))
        .build();    
    
    // 根据响应返回的状态码进行处理    
    int code = rawResponse.code();
    if (code < 200 || code >= 300) {
      try {
        // Buffer the entire body to avoid future I/O.
        ResponseBody bufferedBody = Utils.buffer(rawBody);
        return Response.error(bufferedBody, rawResponse);
      } finally {
        rawBody.close();
      }
    }    
    if (code == 204 || code == 205) {
      rawBody.close();
      return Response.success(null, rawResponse);
    }    
    
    
    ExceptionCatchingResponseBody catchingBody = new ExceptionCatchingResponseBody(rawBody);
    try {
      // 将响应体转为Java对象
      T body = responseConverter.convert(catchingBody);
      
      return Response.success(body, rawResponse);
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
      // If the underlying source threw an exception, propagate that     rather than indicating it was
      // a runtime exception.
      catchingBody.throwIfCaught();
      throw e;
    }
}

3、异步请求流程 reponse.enqueque

@Override 
public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {

    // 使用静态代理 delegate进行异步请求 
    delegate.enqueue(new Callback<T>() {

      @Override 
      public void onResponse(Call<T> call, finalResponse<T>response) {
        // 线程切换,在主线程显示结果
        callbackExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
            @Override 
             public void run() {
            if (delegate.isCanceled()) {
              callback.onFailure(ExecutorCallbackCall.this, newIOException("Canceled"));
            } else {
              callback.onResponse(ExecutorCallbackCall.this,respons);
            }
          }
        });
      }
      @Override 
      public void onFailure(Call<T> call, final Throwable t) {
        callbackExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
          @Override public void run() {
            callback.onFailure(ExecutorCallbackCall.this, t);
          }
        });
      }
    });
}

看看 delegate.enqueue 内部流程。

@Override 
public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {
   
    okhttp3.Call call;
    Throwable failure;

    synchronized (this) {
      if (executed) throw new IllegalStateException("Already executed.");
      executed = true;

      call = rawCall;
      failure = creationFailure;
      if (call == null && failure == null) {
        try {
          // 创建OkHttp的Request对象,再封装成OkHttp.call
          // 方法同发送同步请求,此处上面已分析
          call = rawCall = createRawCall(); 
        } catch (Throwable t) {
          failure = creationFailure = t;
        }
      }

@Override public void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {
  checkNotNull(callback, "callback == null");

  okhttp3.Call call;
  Throwable failure;

  ...

  call.enqueue(new okhttp3.Callback() {
    @Override public void onResponse(okhttp3.Call call, okhttp3.Response rawResponse) {
      Response<T> response;
      try {
        // 此处上面已分析
        response = parseResponse(rawResponse);
      } catch (Throwable e) {
        throwIfFatal(e);
        callFailure(e);
        return;
      }

      try {
        callback.onResponse(OkHttpCall.this, response);
      } catch (Throwable t) {
        t.printStackTrace();
      }
    }

    @Override public void onFailure(okhttp3.Call call, IOException e) {
      callFailure(e);
    }

    private void callFailure(Throwable e) {
      try {
        callback.onFailure(OkHttpCall.this, e);
      } catch (Throwable t) {
        t.printStackTrace();
      }
    }
  });
}

如果你看到这里的话,恭喜你,你已经对Retrofit已经有一个比较深入的了解了,但是,笔者还是要建议大家自己主动配合着Retrofit最新版的源码一步步去彻底地认识它,只有这样,你才能看到它真实的内心,最后附上一张Stay的Retrofit源码流程图,要注意的是,这是V2.5之前版本的流程,但是,在看完上面的源码分析后,我们知道,主体流程是没有变化的。

image

五、总结

从本质上来说,Retrofit虽然只是一个RESTful 的HTTP 网络请求框架的封装库。但是,它内部通过 大量的设计模式 封装了 OkHttp,让使用者感到它非常简洁、易懂。它内部主要是用动态代理的方式,动态将网络请求接口的注解解析成HTTP请求,最后执行请求的过程。好了,至此,我们的Android主流三方库源码分析的网络库分析部分已经完毕。接下来,将为大家带来最流行的图片加载框架Glide的源码分析,敬请期待~

参考链接:

1、Retrofit V2.5.0源码

2、Android进阶之光

3、Android:手把手带你 深入读懂 Retrofit 2.0 源码

4、Retrofit分析-漂亮的解耦套路

公钟号同名,欢迎关注,关注后回复 Framework,我将分享给你一份我这两年持续总结、细化、沉淀出来的 Framework 体系化精品面试题,里面很多的核心题答案在面试的压力下,经过了反复的校正与升华,含金量极高~